一种补充与替代医学疗法，通过在身体特定穴位刺入细针，以控制疼痛及其他症状。

a form of complementary and alternative medicine that involves inserting thin needles through the skin at specific points on the body to control pain and other symptoms.

对机体免疫系统而言属于异物的物质，可能引发过敏反应。

a foreign substance to the body's immune system that may cause an allergic reaction.

一种脑部疾病，会随时间损害脑神经细胞，破坏记忆与学习能力。通常起病于中老年并逐渐加重。症状包括记忆力减退、意识混乱、思维障碍，以及语言、行为和人格改变。

a brain disease that cripples the brain's nerve cells over time and destroys memory and learning. It usually starts in late middle age or old age and gets worse over time. Symptoms include loss of memory, confusion, problems in thinking, and changes in language, behavior, and personality.

孕期包裹胎儿的清亮、略带黄色的液体，存于羊膜囊内。

clear, slightly yellowish liquid that surrounds the unborn baby (fetus) during pregnancy. It is contained in the amniotic sac.

在外科手术或其他可能引起疼痛的操作中，使用药物阻断疼痛或其他感觉。

the use of medicine to prevent the feeling of pain or another sensation during surgery or other procedures that might be painful.

动脉壁上薄弱处向外膨出形成的囊状突起，可能破裂。

a thin or weak spot in an artery that balloons out and can burst.

因心脏某部分供血不足而反复出现的胸部疼痛或不适，是冠心病的常见症状。表现为胸骨下方的压迫感或紧缩样疼痛，也可放射至肩、臂、颈、下颌或背部；常由劳累诱发，休息或服药后数分钟内缓解。

a recurring pain or discomfort in the chest that happens when some part of the heart does not receive enough blood. It is a common symptom of coronary heart disease, which occurs when vessels that carry blood to the heart become narrowed and blocked due to atherosclerosis. Angina feels like a pressing or squeezing pain, usually in the chest under the breast bone, but sometimes in the shoulders, arms, neck, jaws, or back. Angina is usually is brought on by exertion, and relieved within a few minutes by resting or by taking prescribed angina medicine.

用于治疗多种细菌感染的药物。有些只对特定细菌有效，有些能对抗多种细菌。抗生素对病毒感染无效。

drugs used to fight many infections caused by bacteria. Some antibiotics are effective against only certain types of bacteria; others can effectively fight a wide range of bacteria. Antibiotics do not work against viral infections.

由B细胞等特定白细胞针对进入体内的病原体或其他异物产生的血液蛋白。抗体通过附着在病原体上并标记其待清除，帮助身体抵御疾病。

blood proteins made by certain white blood cells called B cells in response to germs or other foreign substances that enter the body. Antibodies help the body fight illness and disease by attaching to germs and marking them for destruction.

用于治疗抑郁症的一类药物。

a name for a category of medications used to treat depression.

通过抑制体内组胺发挥作用，用于预防或缓解花粉症及其他过敏症状。组胺可引起瘙痒、打喷嚏、流鼻涕、流泪，有时导致呼吸困难。部分此类药物也用于预防晕动病、恶心、呕吐和眩晕；因可能引起嗜睡，有些还被用于助眠。

drugs that are used to prevent or relieve the symptoms of hay fever and other allergies by preventing the action of a substance called histamine, which is produced by the body. Histamine can cause itching, sneezing, runny nose, watery eyes, and sometimes can make breathing difficult. Some of these drugs are also used to prevent motion sickness, nausea, vomiting, and dizziness. Since they may cause drowsiness as a side effect, some of them may be used to help people go to sleep.

一类抗癌药物，可阻止或减缓细胞内的生化反应。

anticancer drugs that can stop or slow down biochemical reactions in cells.

肠道末端排出粪便的体表开口。

the body opening from which stool passes from the lower end of the intestine and out of the body.

一类严重的精神疾病，使患者生活充满焦虑与恐惧。包括惊恐障碍、强迫症、创伤后应激障碍、社交恐惧症、特定恐惧症和广泛性焦虑症等。

serious medical illness that fills people's lives with anxiety and fear. Some anxiety disorders include panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, social phobia (or social anxiety disorder), specific phobias, and generalized anxiety disorder.

将含氧血液输送到心脏、大脑及身体其他部位的血管。

blood vessels that carry oxygen and blood to the heart, brain and other parts of the body.

脂肪沉积物堵塞动脉壁所致的疾病。（原文拼写 artherosclerosis，标准拼写为 atherosclerosis）

disease when fatty deposits clog the walls of the arteries.

关节（两块骨头相接处，如肘或膝）出现肿胀、发红、发热和疼痛。关节炎有100多种类型，最常见的是骨关节炎和类风湿关节炎。

swelling, redness, warmth, and pain of the joints, the places where two bones meet, such as the elbow or knee. There are more than 100 types of arthritis. The two most common types of arthritis are osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.

通过处理女性卵子与男性精子，帮助不孕夫妇受孕的技术手段。

technology that involves procedures that handle a woman's eggs and a man's sperm to help infertile couples conceive a child.

一种慢性肺部疾病。症状包括咳嗽、喘息、胸闷和呼吸困难。

a chronic disease of the lungs. Symptoms include cough, wheezing, a tight feeling in the chest, and trouble breathing.

脂肪物质沉积在动脉壁上的疾病，会使动脉变窄，最终限制血流。

a disease in which fatty material is deposited on the wall of the arteries. This fatty material causes the arteries to become narrow and it eventually restricts blood flow.

由机体免疫系统产生的血液蛋白，本应中和并清除病原体或其他异物，却错误地攻击自身健康细胞。

blood proteins made by the body's immune system that are meant to neutralize and destroy germs or other foreign substances but instead attack healthy cells of the body.

因免疫系统对自身组织产生免疫反应而导致的疾病。

disease caused by an immune response against foreign substances in the tissues of one's own body.

可引发感染的微生物。

microorganisms that can cause infections.

育龄女性最常见的阴道感染，因阴道内正常菌群失衡（如冲洗或性接触所致）而发生。症状包括白、灰或稀薄的阴道分泌物并伴异味，排尿时烧灼或疼痛，阴道外口瘙痒；也可能没有任何症状。

the most common vaginal infection in women of childbearing age, which happens when the normal bacteria (germs) in the vagina get out of balance, such as from douching or from sexual contact. Symptoms include vaginal discharge that can be white, gray, or thin and have an odor; burning or pain when urinating; or itching around the outside of the vagina. There also may be no symptoms.

非癌性的。

noncancerous

人体储存尿液的器官，位于下腹部。

the organ in the human body that stores urine. It is found in the lower part of the abdomen.

血液中葡萄糖（糖）的含量，又称血糖。长期血糖过高可导致糖尿病，并损害心脏、血管、眼睛和肾脏等多个部位。

also called blood sugar level, it is the amount of glucose, or sugar, in the blood. Too much glucose in the blood for a long time can cause diabetes and damage many parts of the body, such as the heart, blood vessels, eyes, and kidneys.

将血液或血液制品从一人（供者）输入另一人（受者）的血液循环。多用于补充因严重失血而丢失的血细胞或血液制品。血源有两种：自体血和供者血。

the transfer of blood or blood products from one person (donor) into another person's bloodstream (recipient). Most times, it is done to replace blood cells or blood products lost through severe bleeding. Blood can be given from two sources, your own blood (autologous blood) or from someone else (donor blood).

根据身高和体重衡量体脂的指标。

a measure of body fat based on a person's height and weight.

通向肺的主要气道（支气管）发生炎症，引起咳嗽、气短和胸闷。

inflammation of the main air passages (bronchi) to your lungs. It causes cough, shortness of breath, and chest tightness.

食物中产生能量潜力的计量单位。

a unit of energy-producing potential in food.

一类以体内异常细胞不受控制地分裂为特征的疾病。癌细胞可侵入邻近组织，并通过血液和淋巴系统（清除感染、维持体液平衡的组织网络）扩散到身体其他部位。

a term for diseases in which abnormal cells in the body divide without control. Cancer cells can invade nearby tissues and can spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymphatic system, which is a network of tissues that clears infections and keeps body fluids in balance.

一种消化系统疾病，会损伤小肠并妨碍食物中营养素的吸收。患者食用含麸质的食物时，免疫系统会作出反应并损伤小肠。

a digestive disease that damages the small intestine and interferes with absorption of nutrients from food. When people with celiac disease eat foods containing gluten, their immune system responds by damaging the small intestine.

子宫下部狭窄的部分，形成一条通向阴道的管道，连接体外。

the lower, narrow part of the uterus (womb). The cervix forms a canal that opens into the vagina, which leads to the outside of the body.

通过腹部切口娩出婴儿的手术，也称剖宫产术或剖宫分娩。

procedure where the baby is delivered through an abdominal incision. Also called cesarean delivery or cesarean birth.

使用抗癌药物进行的治疗。

treatment with anticancer drugs.

由水痘-带状疱疹病毒引起的疾病，表现为水疱样皮疹、瘙痒、乏力和发热。

a disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus, which results in a blister-like rash, itching, tiredness, and fever.

一种与常规医学思路不同的替代医学体系，目标是使身体结构（主要是脊柱）与功能之间的关系恢复正常。整脊师使用称为脊柱推拿或调整的手法治疗。

an alternative medical system that takes a different approach from standard medicine in treating health problems. The goal of chiropractic therapy is to normalize this relationship between your body's structure (mainly the spine) and its function. Chiropractic professionals use a type of hands-on therapy called spinal manipulation or adjustment.

一种常见的性传播疾病。多数人没有症状，但衣原体可严重损害女性生殖器官。出现症状时可表现为稀薄的阴道分泌物，以及类似淋病的排尿烧灼感。长期刺激可引起下腹痛、盆腔器官炎症和盆腔炎性疾病（PID）。

a common sexually transmitted disease (STD). Most people have no symptoms, but chlamydia can cause serious damage a women's reproductive organs. When a woman does have symptoms, they may include thin vaginal discharge and other symptoms similar to gonorrhea like burning when urinating. Long-term irritation may cause lower abdominal pain, inflammation of the pelvic organs, and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID).

存在于全身各部位的脂肪类物质，是细胞膜的组成成分，并用于合成维生素D和某些激素。体内胆固醇一部分由肝脏产生，一部分来自食物（尤其动物性食品）。血液胆固醇过高可促进动脉粥样硬化和冠状动脉疾病。血液中胆固醇与脂蛋白结合：与低密度脂蛋白（LDL）结合的胆固醇有害健康，常称「坏胆固醇」；与高密度脂蛋白（HDL）结合的胆固醇有益健康，常称「好胆固醇」。

a fatty substance present in all parts of the body. It is a component of cell membranes and is used to make vitamin D and some hormones. Some cholesterol in the body is produced by the liver and some is derived from food, particularly animal products. A high level of cholesterol in the blood can help cause atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. In the blood, cholesterol is bound to chemicals called lipoproteins. Cholesterol attached to low-density lipoprotein (LDL) harms health and is often called bad cholesterol. Cholesterol attached to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) is good for health and is often called good cholesterol.

长期的，如慢性疾病。

long-lasting, such as a chronic illness or chronic disease.

慢性肝病的结果，肝脏形成瘢痕并丧失正常功能，可引起多种并发症，包括腹水、出血性疾病、血管压力升高和脑功能障碍。

the result of chronic liver disease, where the liver is scarred and no longer functions properly. This causes many complications, including build up of fluid in the abdomen, bleeding disorders, increased pressure in the blood vessels and brain function disorders.

影响上唇及口腔硬腭、软腭的出生缺陷。表现从唇部小缺口到完全裂开（延伸至口腔顶部和鼻部）不等，可单独或同时发生。

birth defects that affect the upper lip and the hard and soft palates of the mouth. Features range from a small notch in the lip to a complete fissure or groove, extending into the roof of the month and nose. These features may occur separately or together.

结肠内壁的癌症。结肠是消化道的一部分，在粪便经肛门排出前吸收其中的水分。多数结肠癌由称为息肉的良性增生开始。

cancer in the inner lining of the colon. The colon is the part of the digestive tract that removes water from feces before the feces leaves the body through the anus. Most colon cancers start as noncancerous growths called polyps.

结肠或直肠的癌症，也称结直肠癌。参见结肠癌。

cancer of the colon or rectum is also called colorectal cancer. See colon cancer.

孕期及产后最初几天、成熟乳汁分泌前由乳房分泌的浓稠黄色液体，又称「第一乳」，提供营养并帮助抵御传染病。

thick, yellowish fluid secreted from breast during pregnancy, and the first few days after childbirth before the onset of mature breast milk. Also called first milk, it provides nutrients and protection against infectious diseases.

排便次数少、粪便干硬或排便困难。

infrequent or hard stools or difficulty passing stools.

又称冠心病，最常见的心脏病类型，由动脉粥样硬化引起——冠状动脉（向心脏供血的血管）内斑块逐渐堆积。该病进展缓慢而隐匿，可持续数十年，往往在引发心肌梗死前毫无察觉。

also called coronary heart disease. It is the most common type of heart disease that results from atherosclerosis — the gradual buildup of plaques in the coronary arteries, the blood vessels that bring blood to the heart. This disease develops slowly and silently, over decades. It can go virtually unnoticed until it produces a heart attack.

最常见的严重遗传（先天）疾病之一。每400对夫妇中约有1对面临生育CF患儿的风险。CF使机体产生异常分泌物，导致黏液堆积，可损害胰腺、肠道和肺等器官。

one of the most common serious genetic (inherited) diseases. One out of every 400 couples is at risk for having children with CF. CF causes the body to make abnormal secretions leading to mucous build-up. CF mucous build-up can impair organs such as the pancreas, the intestine and the lungs.

又称「膀胱脱垂」，指膀胱坠入或脱出阴道。当盆底肌肉或组织薄弱或受损、无法再支撑盆腔器官时发生。

also called "dropped bladder," when the bladder drops into or out of the vagina. A cystocele happens when the muscles or tissues of the pelvic area are weak or damaged and can no longer support the pelvic organs.

一个人坚信某种不真实的事情，即使有强有力的反证也不改变。妄想可由脑损伤或精神疾病引起。

when a person believes something that is not true and that person keeps the belief even though there is strong evidence against it. Delusions can be the result of brain injury or mental illness.

由影响大脑的疾病引起的一组症状，可包括记忆力减退、意识混乱、人格改变，以及进食、穿衣等日常活动困难。痴呆病因众多，包括阿尔茨海默病和脑卒中。

a group of symptoms caused by disorders that affect the brain. Symptoms may include memory loss, confusion, personality changes, and difficulty with normal activities like eating or dressing. Dementia has many causes, including Alzheimer's disease and stroke.

一块方形薄乳胶片，可在口交前覆盖于肛门或阴道上（又称牙科橡皮障）。

a square, thin piece of latex that can be placed over the anus or the vagina before oral sex.

描述以悲伤、精力不足和自尊心低下为特征的情绪状态。

term used to describe an emotional state involving sadness, lack of energy and low self-esteem.

参见特应性皮炎。

see atopic dermatitis.

一种血糖（血糖水平）高于正常的疾病。主要有两型：1型糖尿病由机体防御系统（免疫系统）问题引起，多在儿童期或青春期起病；2型糖尿病最常见，多在成年期起病。

a disease in which blood glucose (blood sugar) levels are above normal. There are two main types of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is caused by a problem with the body's defense system, called the immune system. This form of diabetes usually starts in childhood or adolescence. Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes. It starts most often in adulthood.

参见糖尿病。

see diabetes

一种薄而柔软的圆盘状避孕器具，通常由橡胶制成，设计用于覆盖子宫颈，阻止精子在性交时进入（又称阴道隔膜）。

birth control device made of a thin flexible disk, usually made of rubber, that is designed to cover the cervix to prevent the entry of sperm during sexual intercourse.

频繁排出稀便，可呈水样。急性腹泻数周内好转；持续超过4周即为慢性腹泻。

passing frequent and loose stools that can be watery. Acute diarrhea goes away in a few weeks. Diarrhea becomes chronic when it lasts longer than 4 weeks.

存在于谷物、水果和蔬菜中的粗纤维物质。一般不被消化，但有助于食物通过消化道。摄入膳食纤维有助于预防多种慢性疾病，包括2型糖尿病、心血管疾病和某些胃肠道疾病。

coarse fibrous substances found in grains, fruits, and vegetables. Dietary fiber is generally not digested but helps move food through the digestive tract. Eating dietary fiber helps prevent many long-term illnesses, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and certain gastrointestinal diseases.

对受检者DNA进行的实验室检查。DNA是携带个人遗传信息的分子，存在于人体每个细胞中。

a lab test in which a patient's DNA is tested. DNA is a molecule that has a person's genetic information and is found in every cell in a person's body.

最常见的导致轻至中度智力障碍及相关医学问题的遗传病因，由染色体异常引起。由于细胞生长发生改变，染色体数目为47条而非正常的46条，这条额外的染色体改变了身体和大脑的正常发育。

Down syndrome is the most frequent genetic cause for mild to moderate mental retardation and related medical problems. It is caused by a chromosomal abnormality. For an unknown reason, a change in cell growth results in 47 instead of the usual 46 chromosomes. This extra chromosome changes the orderly development of the body and brain.

如神经性厌食症、神经性贪食症和暴食障碍，涉及严重的进食问题，可表现为极度减少进食或严重暴食，以及对体型或体重的痛苦与担忧。

eating disorders, such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder, involve serious problems with eating. This could include an extreme decrease of food or severe overeating, as well as feelings of distress and concern about body shape or weight.

妊娠不在子宫内，即受精卵在子宫内壁以外着床并生长，多数位于输卵管，也可发生在卵巢、宫颈或腹腔（俗称宫外孕）。

a pregnancy that is not in the uterus. It happens when a fertilized egg settles and grows in a place other than the inner lining of the uterus. Most happen in the fallopian tube, but can happen in the ovary, cervix, or abdominal cavity.

一组皮肤病变，表现为皮肤发炎、起水疱、结痂、增厚和脱屑。湿疹引起烧灼感和瘙痒，可持续较长时间。特应性皮炎是最常见的湿疹类型。

a group of conditions in which the skin becomes inflamed, forms blisters, and becomes crusty, thick, and scaly. Eczema causes burning and itching and may occur over a long period of time. Atopic dermatitis is the most common type of eczema.

一种体外、无创的检查，记录心脏的电活动。

an external, noninvasive test that records the electrical activity of the heart.

起源于子宫内膜（子宫内壁）的癌症。

cancer that develops from the endometrium, or the inner lining of the uterus (womb).

正常应衬于子宫的组织生长到身体其他部位（通常在腹腔内），却表现得像在子宫内一样。每月从异位组织脱落出血无处排出，周围组织可能发炎或肿胀，形成瘢痕组织。症状包括可感到的下腹或下背痛经、性交时或性交后疼痛、不规则出血和不孕。

a condition in which tissue that normally lines the uterus grows in other areas of the body, usually inside the abdominal cavity, but acts as if it were inside the uterus. Blood shed monthly from the misplaced tissue has no place to go, and tissues surrounding the area of endometriosis may become inflamed or swollen. This can produce scar tissue. Symptoms include painful menstrual cramps that can be felt in the abdomen or lower back, or pain during or after sexual activity, irregular bleeding, and infertility.

分娩时将针刺入脊柱末端的硬膜外腔，使下半身麻木、减轻疼痛。这能让产妇在产程最后阶段（用力将婴儿娩出产道时）保留更多精力和体力。

during labor a woman may be offered an epidural, where a needle is inserted into the epidural space at the end of the spine, to numb the lower body and reduce pain. This allows a woman to have more energy and strength for the end stage of labor, when it is time to push the baby out of the birth canal.

一种以反复发作为特征的躯体疾病，由大脑工作方式的突然改变引起。

a physical disorder that involves recurrent seizures. It is caused by sudden changes in how the brain works.

在会阴（阴道与肛门之间的区域）做切口以扩大阴道口，防止分娩时该处撕裂的操作。

This is a procedure where an incision is made in the perineum (area between the vagina and the anus) to make the vaginal opening larger in order to prevent the area from tearing during delivery.

连接咽喉与胃的管道。

tube that connects the throat with the stomach.

一组女性激素，负责女性乳房及其他第二性征的发育。雌激素由卵巢和其他身体组织产生，与孕激素共同为女性受孕做好准备。

a group of female hormones that are responsible for the development of breasts and other secondary sex characteristics in women. Estrogen is produced by the ovaries and other body tissues. Estrogen, along with progesterone, is important in preparing a woman's body for pregnancy.

女性生殖系统的一部分，是连接卵巢与子宫的一对管道。

part of the female reproductive system, one of a pair of tubes connecting the ovaries to the uterus.

感到精力不足、倦怠或疲乏。

a feeling of lack of energy, weariness or tiredness.

用于描述胎儿暴露于酒精后可能出现的全部有害影响的术语。

a term used to describe the full range of harmful effects that can occur when a fetus is exposed to alcohol.

体温高于正常，通常是感染或疾病的征兆。

body temperature is raised above normal and is usually a sign of infection or illness.

一种引起全身酸痛和疼痛的疾病，在颈部、肩部、背部、臀部、手臂和腿部的特定部位存在压痛点，受压时疼痛。

a disorder that causes aches and pain all over the body, and involves tender points on specific places on the neck, shoulders, back, hips, arms, and legs that hurt when pressure is put on them.

由垂体产生的激素。在女性中，它有助于调控月经周期及卵巢产生卵子。

a hormone produced by the pituitary gland. In women, it helps control the menstrual cycle and the production of eggs by the ovaries.

机体无法处理半乳糖（一种糖）的状况。半乳糖占牛奶中乳糖的一半。半乳糖水平过高时，可损害身体器官和中枢神经系统。新生儿在首次母乳喂养时即可发现，可引起黄疸等问题。

a condition where the body is not able to process galactose (a sugar), which makes up half of the sugar (called lactose) found in milk. When galactose levels become high, body organs and the central nervous system can be damaged. In newborns, the condition is found when first breastfeeding and can cause jaundice and other problems.

在胆囊或胆总管内形成的固体物质，由胆固醇或胆囊中的其他物质构成。可为一块大结石或多个小结石，大小从沙粒到高尔夫球不等。

solid material that forms in the gallbladder or common bile duct. Gallstones are made of cholesterol or other substances found in the gallbladder. They may occur as one large stone or as many small ones, and they may vary from the size of a grain of sand to a golf ball.

由DNA构成的遗传功能与结构单位，具有特定功能，并从父母传给后代。

the functional and physical unit of heredity made up of DNA, which has a specific function and is passed from parent to offspring

在孕期发生的糖尿病。

diabetes that occurs during pregnancy.

仅在孕期出现的高血压，也称妊娠期高血压。它会增加孕期健康问题的风险，如子痫前期。

also called gestational hypertension; high blood pressure that happens only during pregnancy. Gestational high blood pressure raises your risk for health problems during pregnancy such as preeclampsia.

能产生化学物质并释放供身体其他部位使用或排出体外的细胞、细胞群或器官。例如垂体产生生长激素，刺激细胞生长和分裂；汗腺排出水分、盐分和废物，帮助身体降温。

a cell, group of cells, or organ that makes chemicals and releases them for use by other parts of the body or to be excreted. The pituitary gland, for example, makes growth hormone, which stimulates cells to grow and divide. Sweat glands excrete water, salts, and waste to help cool down the body.

一种性传播疾病，常无症状。部分女性可出现排尿疼痛或烧灼感、黄白色有时带血的阴道分泌物、月经间期出血、经期出血量多，或性交疼痛。未治疗的淋病可引起盆腔炎性疾病（PID）等严重且永久性的健康问题。

a sexually transmitted disease that often has no symptoms. However, some women have pain or burning when urinating; yellowish and sometimes bloody vaginal discharge; bleeding between menstrual periods; heavy bleeding with periods; or pain when having sex. Untreated gonorrhea can cause serious and permanent health problems like pelvic inflammatory disease (PID).

清醒状态下感知到并不存在的事物。例如听到无人说话的声音、看到不存在的东西，或闻到并不存在的气味。

when a person who is awake senses something that is not real. Examples of hallucinations are hearing voices when no one is speaking, seeing something that doesn't exist, or smelling something that is not present.

影响心脏及心脏血管的多种异常状况。最常见的是冠状动脉疾病，即冠状动脉（向心脏供血的血管）内斑块逐渐堆积。该病进展缓慢而隐匿，可持续数十年，往往在引发心肌梗死前毫无察觉。

a number of abnormal conditions affecting the heart and the blood vessels in the heart. The most common type of heart disease is coronary artery disease, which is the gradual buildup of plaques in the coronary arteries, the blood vessels that bring blood to the heart. This disease develops slowly and silently, over decades. It can go virtually unnoticed until it produces a heart attack.

由血管薄弱处破裂、导致脑内出血引起的脑卒中类型。

type of stroke caused by a weakened blood vessel that bursts, causing bleeding in the brain.

肛门或直肠下端周围静脉肿胀、发炎。

veins around the anus or lower rectum that are swollen and inflamed.

由攻击肝脏的病毒引起的严重疾病。该病毒称为乙型肝炎病毒（HBV），可导致终身感染、肝硬化、肝癌、肝衰竭和死亡。通过与感染者的血液或体液直接接触而感染，例如与感染者发生性行为或共用针具；婴儿可在分娩时从感染的母亲处感染。

a serious disease caused by a virus that attacks the liver. The virus, which is called hepatitis B virus (HBV), can cause lifelong infection, cirrhosis (scarring) of the liver, liver cancer, liver failure, and death. You get hepatitis B by direct contact with the blood or body fluids of an infected person; for instance, you can become infected by having sex or sharing needles with an infected person. A baby can get hepatitis B from an infected mother during childbirth.

一种主要在口周和生殖器部位引起水疱和溃疡的病毒。分两型：1型最常见，引起口周溃疡（唇疱疹），经感染的唾液传播；2型主要引起生殖器溃疡，经性接触传播。

a virus that causes blisters and sores mainly around the mouth and genitals. There are two types. Type 1 is the most common and causes sores around the mouth, or cold sores. It is transmitted by infected saliva. Type 2 causes sores mainly on the genitals and is transmitted sexually.

参见 hypertension（高血压）。

see hypertension.

人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）是感染并破坏机体免疫细胞、引起艾滋病（获得性免疫缺陷综合征，AIDS）的病毒。艾滋病出现在HIV感染的最晚期，此时T细胞计数降至200以下，并出现艾滋病患者常见的健康问题。HIV和艾滋病感染是终身的——无法治愈，但有许多药物可对抗HIV感染及其引发的感染和癌症。

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the virus that infects and destroys the body's immune cells and causes a disease called AIDS, or Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. AIDS occurs in the most advanced stage of HIV infection, when a person's T-cell count goes below 200 and he or she becomes ill with one of the health problems common in people with AIDS. HIV and AIDS infection is lifelong—there is no cure, but there are many medicines to fight both HIV infection and the infections and cancers that come with it.

皮肤上红色、有时瘙痒的隆起，通常由对药物或食物的过敏反应引起。

red and sometimes itchy bumps on the skin, usually caused by an allergic reaction to a drug or a food.

由某一组织产生、经血液运送到另一组织以影响身体某项功能（如生长或新陈代谢）的物质。

substance produced by one tissue and conveyed by the bloodstream to another to affect a function of the body, such as growth or metabolism.

感染T细胞（一种白细胞）的病毒，可引起白血病和淋巴瘤。HTLV-1/2通过共用注射器或针具、输血或性接触传播，也可在分娩或哺乳时由母亲传给孩子。

viruses that infect T cells, a type of white blood cell, and can cause leukemia and lymphoma. HTLV 1-2 is spread by sharing syringes or needles, through blood transfusions or sexual contact, and from mother to child during birth or breastfeeding.

血压高于140/90 mmHg（毫米汞柱）。长期高血压可损害血管和器官，包括心脏、肾脏、眼睛和大脑。

also called high blood pressure, it is having blood pressure greater than 140 over 90 mmHg (millimeters of mercury). Long-term high blood pressure can damage blood vessels and organs, including the heart, kidneys, eyes, and brain.

一种用于减轻疼痛的专注状态。自我催眠时，反复默念一句积极的话；引导想象时，在脑海中营造放松的画面。

a focused state of concentration used to reduce pain. With self-hypnosis, you repeat a positive statement over and over. With guided imagery, you create relaxing images in your mind.

参见甲状腺功能低下。

see underactive thyroid.

切除子宫的手术。

surgery to remove the uterus.

体内一个复杂的系统，能识别并应对感染等潜在有害物质，以保护身体。

a complex system in the body that recognizes and responds to potentially harmful substances, like infections, in order to protect the body.

无法控制膀胱排尿（尿失禁），或无法控制直肠排粪（大便失禁）。

the inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder, called urinary incontinence, or the escape of stool from the rectum, called fecal incontinence.

夫妇在未采取任何避孕措施、规律性生活1年后仍难以受孕的状况。若女性反复流产，也称为不孕。不孕可由男方、女方或双方的问题引起。

a condition in which a couple has problems conceiving, or getting pregnant, after 1 year of regular sexual intercourse without using any birth control methods. If a woman keeps having miscarriages, it's also called infertility. Infertility can be caused by a problem with the man or the woman, or both.

用于描述身体某部位出现肿胀、发红、发热和疼痛。

used to describe an area on the body that is swollen, red, hot, and in pain.

引起胃肠道刺激和溃疡的长期问题，最常见的类型是溃疡性结肠炎和克罗恩病。

long-lasting problems that cause irritation and ulcers in the gastrointestinal tract. The most common disorders are ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.

用于控制或杀灭昆虫的化学物质。

chemicals used to control or kill insects.

无法入睡。

not being able to sleep.

帮助身体将食物转化为能量并储存能量以备后用的多种激素之一。糖尿病患者（机体不能产生足够胰岛素）可能需要注射胰岛素，以帮助体细胞正常工作。

one of many hormones that helps the body turn the food we eat into energy and helps store energy to be used later. People with diabetes mellitus, a condition in which the body does not make enough insulin, might need to inject themselves with insulin to help their bodies' cells work properly.

又称肠道，是人体内完成消化（分解食物）的长管状器官，由小肠和大肠组成。

also known as the bowels, or the long, tube-like organ in the human body that completes digestion or the breaking down of food. They consist of the small intestine and the large intestine.

由医疗人员置入女性子宫内的小型装置，通过改变子宫环境来避孕。

a small device that is placed inside a woman's uterus by a health care provider, which prevents pregnancy by changing the environment of the uterus (or womb).

一种重要的矿物质，参与能量的产生和利用，包括将氧气输送到全身。

an important mineral involved in creating and using energy, including moving oxygen throughout the body.

向大脑供血的血管发生阻塞，导致脑部供血减少。

a blockage of blood vessels supplying blood to the brain, causing a decrease in blood supply.

皮肤和眼白发黄，由血液中胆红素过多引起。黄疸本身不是疾病，但可提示肝脏或胆囊问题。新生儿可出现黄疸，通常为暂时性并可自行消退。

a yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes, caused by too much bilirubin in the blood. While not a disease, jaundice can signal a liver or gallbladder problem. Newborns can develop jaundice, which is only temporary and goes away.

由尿液中析出的结晶在肾脏内表面聚集形成的硬块。

hard mass developed from crystals that separate from the urine and build up on the inner surfaces of the kidney.

一种消化系统疾病，机体无法消化或吸收乳糖（牛奶及其他乳制品中的一种糖）。

a digestive disorder in which the body cannot digest or absorb lactose, a type of sugar found in milk and other dairy products.

一种可使婴幼儿生病的金属。

a metal that can make infants and young children sick.

性驱动力。

sexual drive.

存在于某些冷藏及即食食品中的有害细菌，可引起早产或流产。

a harmful bacteria found in some refrigerated and ready-to-eat foods that can cause early delivery or miscarriage.

人体最大的器官，功能众多，包括将食物转化为能量、清除血液中的酒精和毒素。肝脏还产生胆汁（一种黄绿色液体），有助于消化。

the largest body organ, the liver has many jobs, including changing food into energy and cleaning alcohol and poisons from the blood. The liver also makes bile, a yellowish-green liquid that helps with digestion.

出生体重低于2500克（5磅8盎司）。

having a weight at birth that is less than 2500 grams, or 5 pounds, 8 ounces.

参见系统性红斑狼疮。

see systemic lupus erythematosus.

触发排卵并刺激黄体（空卵泡）产生孕激素的激素。

a hormone that triggers ovulation and stimulates the corpus luteum (empty follicle) to make progesterone.

手术切除覆盖阴茎头部的皮肤。在美国及世界许多国家，出于宗教、文化或医学原因对新生男婴实施。包皮环切可能有助于预防感染，包括性传播感染（STI）。男性包皮环切不同于女性生殖器切割（FGC，有时被称为女性割礼）——FGC是指出于非医学原因对女性外生殖器进行穿刺、切割、切除或缝合闭合。

the surgical removal of the skin covering the tip of the penis. In the United States and in many countries around the world, circumcision is done on newborn boys for religious, cultural, or medical reasons. Circumcision may protect against infections, including sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Male circumcision is different from female genital cutting (FGC), which is sometimes called female circumcision. FGC is the piercing, cutting, removing, or sewing closed all or part of a girl's or woman's external genitals for no medical reason.

癌性的。

cancerous

感染引起覆盖大脑和脊髓的脑膜发炎。

infection which causes inflammation of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord.

补充女性卵巢在绝经时停止产生的激素，缓解潮热、阴道干涩等症状。MHT与乳腺癌、心脏病和脑卒中等严重风险相关。选择使用MHT的女性应采用能起效的最低剂量、最短疗程。

replaces the hormones that a woman's ovaries stop making at the time of menopause, easing symptoms like hot flashes and vaginal dryness. MHT is associated with serious risks, including breast cancer, heart disease and stroke. Women who choose to use MHT should use the lowest dose that helps for the shortest time needed.

女性生命中的过渡阶段，体内雌激素产生永久降至极低水平，卵巢停止产生卵子，月经永久停止。

the transition in a woman's life when production of the hormone estrogen in her body falls permanently to very low levels, the ovaries stop producing eggs, and menstrual periods stop for good.

女性约每4周发生一次的自子宫流出的出血。

the blood flow from the uterus that happens about every 4 weeks in a woman.

指体内所有产生和利用能量的过程，如消化食物和营养素，以及通过尿液和粪便排出废物。

Metabolism refers to all of the processes in the body that make and use energy, such as digesting food and nutrients and removing waste through urine and feces.

能杀灭细菌或病毒等微生物的药物。通常是凝胶、乳膏或泡沫，在性行为前置入阴道或直肠，以阻止HIV或其他性传播感染（STI）。

a medicine that kills microbes such as bacteria or a virus. It is usually a gel, cream, or foam that is put on the vagina or rectum before sex to stop HIV or other sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

一种通常表现为非常剧烈头痛的疾病，多位于头部一侧。除剧痛外，还可引起恶心、呕吐，以及对光和声音敏感。有些人还会看到斑点或闪光，或出现暂时性视力丧失。

a medical condition that usually involves a very painful headache, usually felt on one side of the head. Besides intense pain, migraine also can cause nausea and vomiting and sensitivity to light and sound. Some people also may see spots or flashing lights or have a temporary loss of vision.

非计划性的妊娠丢失，也称自然流产。

an unplanned loss of a pregnancy. Also called a spontaneous abortion.

一种脑和脊髓的疾病，因神经细胞外膜形成瘢痕而导致神经功能下降。症状从麻木到瘫痪、失明不等。患者会逐渐失去对身体的掌控。

also called MS, a disorder of the brain and spinal cord that causes decreased nerve function associated with the formation of scars on the covering of nerve cells. Symptoms range from numbness to paralysis and blindness. A person with MS slowly loses control over his or her body.

肠壁内层坏死、组织脱落的状况，主要影响早产儿或患病新生儿。病因不明，但被认为与肠道血流减少导致肠道无法产生保护胃肠道的黏液有关，肠道细菌也可能参与其中。

necrotizing enterocolitis occurs when the lining of the intestinal wall dies and the tissue falls off.It mainly affects premature infants or sick newborns. The cause for this disorder is unknown. But it is thought that a decrease in blood flow to the bowel keeps the bowel from making mucus that protects the gastrointestinal tract. Bacteria in the intestine may also be a cause.

乳房突出的部分，受刺激时会挺起变硬。哺乳时，乳汁从乳窦经乳头流向婴儿。

the protruding part of the breast that extends and becomes firmer upon stimulation. In breastfeeding, milk travels from the milk sinuses through the nipple to the baby.

任何提供能量或帮助构建组织的食物物质。

any food substance that provides energy or helps build tissue.

参见肥胖症。

see obesity.

体内脂肪过多。体质指数达到或超过30的人属于肥胖。

having too much body fat. People with a body mass index of 30 or higher are obese.

一种骨病，特征是骨密度进行性丢失、骨组织变薄，导致骨骼容易骨折。

a bone disease that is characterized by progressive loss of bone density and thinning of bone tissue, causing bones to break easily.

女性生殖系统的一部分，产生卵子。每月通过排卵过程，卵巢将卵子释放到输卵管，再进入子宫。若卵子与男性精子受精，女性即怀孕，卵子在子宫内生长发育；若未受精，卵子和子宫内膜会在每月的月经期脱落。

part of a woman's reproductive system, the ovaries produce her eggs. Each month, through the process called ovulation, the ovaries release eggs into the fallopian tubes, where they travel to the uterus, or womb. If an egg is fertilized by a man's sperm, a woman becomes pregnant and the egg grows and develops inside the uterus. If the egg is not fertilize, the egg and the lining of the uterus is shed during a woman's monthly menstrual period.

从卵巢中发育的卵泡释放出一个卵子。通常规律发生，在28天月经周期中约在第14天。

the release of a single egg from a follicle that developed in the ovary. It usually occurs regularly, around day 14 of a 28-day menstrual cycle.

检查宫颈细胞变化的检测，可发现癌症或可能癌变的细胞。检查时，医疗人员用小刷子轻轻刮取宫颈细胞，在显微镜下检查（又称宫颈涂片）。

a test that finds changes in the cells of the cervix. The test can find cancer or cells that can turn into cancer. To perform a Pap test, a health care provider uses a small brush to gently scrape cells from the cervix for examination under a microscope.

寄生于宿主体表或体内、从宿主获取食物或以宿主为代价生存的生物。

an organism that lives on or in a host organism and gets its food from or at the expense of its host.

检查中，医生或执业护士查看阴道内外的红肿、分泌物或溃疡；巴氏涂片检查宫颈细胞变化；还会将两指置入阴道，另一手按压腹部，检查卵巢和子宫是否有囊肿或肿块；也可能进行性病检测。

during this exam, the doctor or nurse practitioner looks for redness, swelling, discharge, or sores on the outside and inside of the vagina. A Pap test tests for cell changes on the cervix. The doctor or nurse practitioner will also put two fingers inside the vagina and press on the abdomen with the other hand to check for cysts or growths on the ovaries and uterus. STD tests may also be done.

宫颈以上女性生殖器官（如输卵管和卵巢）的感染，是性传播疾病（STD）引起的最常见且最严重的问题。PID可导致异位妊娠、不孕、慢性盆腔痛等严重问题。症状包括发热、有异味的阴道分泌物、剧烈疼痛和阴道出血。

an infection of the female reproductive organs that are above the cervix, such as the fallopian tubes and ovaries. It is the most common and serious problem caused by sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). PID can cause ectopic pregnancies, infertility, chronic pelvic pain, and other serious problems. Symptoms include fever, foul-smelling vaginal discharge, extreme pain, and vaginal bleeding.

女性生殖生命周期中通向绝经的阶段。连续12个月无月经即为绝经。在此之前，即围绝经期，女性体内的雌激素和孕激素逐渐减少，部分女性会出现潮热、月经改变等症状。许多女性在40多岁和50多岁时经历此阶段。

the phase in a woman's reproductive lifecycle leading up to menopause. Menopause is reached when a woman hasn't had a period for 12 months in a row. Before that point, during perimenopause, a woman's body slowly makes less of the hormones estrogen and progesterone. This causes some women to have symptoms such as hot flashes and changes in their periods. Many women go through it in their 40s and 50s.

用于预防、杀灭或驱除任何害虫的任何物质或混合物，也包括除草剂、杀菌剂及各种其他用于控制有害生物的物质。

any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, or repelling any pest. It also includes herbicides, fungicides, and various other substances used to control pests.

一种遗传性疾病，机体无法处理蛋白质中称为苯丙氨酸（Phe）的成分，而它几乎存在于所有食物中。苯丙氨酸水平过高会损害大脑。美国所有新生儿出生后不久都会接受PKU筛查，便于早期诊断和治疗。

an inherited disorder in which the body cannot process a portion of the protein called phenylalanine (Phe), which is in almost all foods. If the Phe level gets too high, the brain can become damaged. All babies born in the United States are now tested for PKU soon after birth, making it easier to diagnose the disease and to treat it early.

孕期连接母体与胎儿的临时器官，将氧气和营养素从母体输送给胎儿，并让胎儿排出二氧化碳和废物。胎盘在分娩过程中随胎膜一起排出。

during pregnancy, a temporary organ joining the mother and fetus. The placenta transfers oxygen and nutrients from the mother to the fetus, and permits the release of carbon dioxide and waste products from the fetus. The placenta is expelled during the birth process with the fetal membranes.

胎盘在分娩前从子宫壁剥离，可导致胎儿供氧不足。

when the placenta separates from the uterine wall before delivery, which can mean the fetus doesn't get enough oxygen.

脂肪、胆固醇及其他物质在动脉壁内堆积形成的沉积物。

a buildup of fat, cholesterol and other substances that accumulate in the walls of the arteries.

一种严重的肺部炎症，肺泡（肺内微小气囊）充满液体，可导致血液从吸入的空气中吸收的氧气减少。肺炎通常由感染引起，也可由放射治疗、过敏或吸入物刺激肺组织引起。可累及部分或全部肺。

a severe inflammation of the lungs in which the alveoli, or tiny air sacs in the lungs, are filled with fluid. This may cause a decrease in the amount of oxygen that the blood can absorb from air breathed into the lung. Pneumonia is usually caused by infection but may also be caused by radiation treatment, allergy, or irritation of lung tissue by inhaled substances. It may involve part or all of the lungs.

可影响女性月经周期、生育能力、激素、心脏、血管和外貌的健康问题。PCOS患者通常雄激素（男性激素）水平偏高，月经缺失或不规律，卵巢内有许多小囊肿。

a health problem that can affect a woman's menstrual cycle, ability to have children, hormones, heart, blood vessels, and appearance. With PCOS, women typically have high levels of androgens or male hormones, missed or irregular periods, and many small cysts in their ovaries.

一种需要医疗人员治疗的严重状况。此时「产后情绪低落」（产后感到悲伤、焦虑、害怕或困惑）持续不退或加重。

a serious condition that requires treatment from a health care provider. With this condition, feelings of the baby blues (feeling sad, anxious, afraid, or confused after having a baby) do not go away or get worse.

一种矿物质，在肌肉收缩、心脏跳动和神经冲动传导中发挥重要作用。

a mineral that plays important roles in muscle contraction, the beating of the heart, and the sending of nerve impulses.

女性怀孕前的健康状况，涉及了解若怀孕，健康问题和危险因素可能如何影响女性本人或其胎儿。

a woman's health before she becomes pregnant. It involves knowing how health conditions and risk factors could affect a woman or her unborn baby if she becomes pregnant.

又称妊娠毒血症，是孕妇在孕20周后出现的一种综合征，引起高血压及肾脏等器官问题。症状包括血压骤升、尿蛋白过多、面部和手部肿胀及头痛。

also known as toxemia, it is a syndrome occurring in a pregnant woman after her 20th week of pregnancy that causes high blood pressure and problems with the kidneys and other organs. Symptoms include sudden increase in blood pressure, too much protein in the urine, swelling in a woman's face and hands, and headache.

参见 preterm birth（早产）。

see preterm birth.

与月经周期相关的一组症状，出现在月经前1至2周。症状通常在月经开始后消退，可包括痤疮、乳房胀痛、疲乏、睡眠困难、胃肠不适、腹胀、便秘或腹泻、头痛或背痛、食欲改变或食物渴求、关节或肌肉疼痛、注意力或记忆力下降、紧张、易怒、情绪波动或哭泣、焦虑或抑郁。

a group of symptoms linked to the menstrual cycle that occur in the week or two weeks before menstruation. The symptoms usually go away after menstruation begins and can include acne, breast swelling and tenderness, feeling tired, having trouble sleeping, upset stomach, bloating, constipation or diarrhea, headache or backache, appetite changes or food cravings, joint or muscle pain, trouble concentrating or remembering, tension, irritability, mood swings or crying spells, and anxiety or depression.

在孕37周之前发生的分娩，也称 premature birth。

also called premature birth, it is a birth that occurs before the 37th week of pregnancy.

在妊娠满37周之前发生的临产。

labor that occurs before 37 completed weeks of pregnancy.

女性在40岁前卵巢停止正常工作的一种生殖健康问题。POI不等同于早绝经。部分POI患者仍偶尔有月经，但排卵问题会使受孕困难。

a reproductive health problems that occurs when a woman's ovaries stop working normally before she is 40. POI is not the same as early menopause. Some women with POI still get a period now and then. But ovulation problems can make getting pregnant hard for women with POI.

由卵巢产生的女性激素，又称黄体酮。与雌激素共同作用，每月为可能的妊娠准备子宫，并在受孕后支持受精卵；还有助于乳房为产奶和哺乳做准备。

a female hormone produced by the ovaries. Progesterone, along with estrogen, prepares the uterus (womb) for a possible pregnancy each month and supports the fertilized egg if conception occurs. Progesterone also helps prepare the breasts for milk production and breastfeeding.

一种在孕期和哺乳期升高的激素，刺激乳房产奶，也有助于抑制排卵。

a hormone that increases during pregnancy and breastfeeding. It stimulates the human breast to produce milk. Prolactin also helps inhibit ovulation.

男性生殖系统中的腺体，产生并储存精浆，精浆释放后构成精液的一部分。

a gland in a man's reproductive system. It makes and stores seminal fluid. This fluid is released to form part of semen.

一类主要含碳、氢、氧、氮的大分子。蛋白质对所有活细胞的结构和功能至关重要。人体内的蛋白质例子包括酶、抗体和某些激素。

any of a group of large molecules that contain primarily carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Proteins are essential to the structure and function of all living cells. Examples of proteins in the body include enzymes, antibodies, and some hormones.

身体从儿童向成人转变的时期。女孩开始得比男孩早，通常在8至13岁之间，持续2至4年。

time when the body is changing from the body of a child to the body of an adult. This process begins earlier in girls than in boys, usually between ages 8 and 13, and lasts 2 to 4 years.

使用射线摧毁癌细胞的治疗。

treatment using radiation to destroy cancer cells.

一种引起强烈想活动腿部冲动的疾病。躺下或坐着时腿部会感到不适，有人形容为蚁爬、蠕动、刺痛或烧灼感。活动可暂时缓解，但不持久。

a disorder that causes a powerful urge to move your legs. Your legs become uncomfortable when you are lying down or sitting. Some people describe it as a creeping, crawling, tingling or burning sensation. Moving makes your legs feel better, but not for long.

存在于多数人红细胞上的一种蛋白质。若没有该蛋白，即为Rh阴性。多数Rh阴性的孕妇需要接受治疗，以保护胎儿免患可导致贫血的血液病。

a protein found on most people's red blood cells. If you do not have the protein, you are Rh negative. Most pregnant women who are Rh negative need treatment to protect the fetus from getting a blood disease that can lead to anemia.

一种引起关节疼痛、肿胀、僵硬和功能丧失的关节炎。可累及任何关节，但常见于腕和手指。若一只手患RA，另一只通常也有。它属于自身免疫性疾病，即由免疫系统攻击自身组织引起。RA还可影响关节以外的部位，如眼睛、口腔和肺。

form of arthritis that causes pain, swelling, stiffness and loss of function in your joints. It can affect any joint but is common in the wrist and fingers. If one hand has RA, the other one usually does too. It's an autoimmune disease. This means the arthritis is caused by your immune system attacking your body's own tissues. RA can affect body parts besides joints, such as your eyes, mouth and lungs.

又称德国麻疹。风疹病毒引起皮疹、轻度发热和关节炎。若女性在孕期感染风疹，可能流产，或婴儿出生时带有严重出生缺陷。

also called German measles. Rubella virus causes rash, mild fever, and arthritis. If a woman gets rubella while she is pregnant, she could have a miscarriage or her baby could be born with serious birth defects.

如黄油、起酥油、猪油和肥肉中的脂肪。建议避免食用饱和脂肪，它会增加某些慢性疾病（如冠状动脉疾病）的风险。

fat such as butter, solid shortening, lard, and fatback. It is recommended that people avoid eating saturated fat, which increases the risk of certain long-term illnesses, such as coronary artery disease.

使人的情绪平静并帮助入睡的药物。

a drug that calms a person and allows her or him to sleep.

肌肉不自主收缩，可导致突然抽动或失去控制，也称惊厥或抽搐。

uncontrollable contractions of muscles that can result in sudden movement or loss of control, also known as convulsions.

男性在性兴奋或高潮时从阴茎射出的液体（含精子）。

the fluid (which contains sperm) a male releases from his penis when he becomes sexually aroused or has an orgasm.

通过性行为传播的疾病，也称性传播疾病（STD）。

diseases that are spread by sexual activity. Also called sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).

由父母传给子女的血液疾病，涉及红细胞问题。正常红细胞圆滑，易于通过血管；镰状细胞坚硬且有弯角，无法挤过细小血管，阻碍器官获得血液。身体会迅速破坏镰状红细胞，却来不及产生新的红细胞，这种状况称为贫血。

a blood disorder passed down from parents to children. It involves problems in the red blood cells. Normal red blood cells are round and smooth and move through blood vessels easily. Sickle cells are hard and have a curved edge. These cells cannot squeeze through small blood vessels. They block the organs from getting blood. Your body destroys sickle red cells quickly, but it can't make new red blood cells fast enough — a condition called anemia.

一种睡眠期间呼吸短暂中断的疾病。

a disorder involving brief interruptions of breathing during sleep.

一种用于调节体内水分的矿物质，与钾共同在肌肉收缩、心脏跳动和神经冲动传导中发挥重要作用。钠是食盐的成分。

a mineral that is used in regulating the amount of water in the body. Sodium also plays important roles, along with potassium, in muscle contraction, the beating of the heart, and the sending of nerve impulses. Sodium is an ingredient of table salt.

最常见的出生缺陷，其名称意为「脊柱裂开」，即胎儿脊柱在出生前发育时未能正常闭合。发生在孕早期，约在受孕后3至4周，多数女性尚不知自己怀孕之时。任何女性都可能怀有患病胎儿，多数生育脊柱裂患儿的女性并无家族史。

spina bifida is the most common of all birth defects. Its name means clef spine, or a failure of a fetal spine to close the right way when it is developing before birth. It occurs very early in pregnancy, roughly three to four weeks after conception, before most women know that they are pregnant. Any woman can have an affected pregnancy. Most women who bear a child with Spina bifida have no family history of it.

胎儿在分娩过程中死亡，或在妊娠晚期本可存活时死亡。

when a fetus dies during birth, or when the fetus dies during the late stages of pregnancy when it would have been otherwise expected to survive.

大脑某区域血流中断，导致该区域神经细胞永久性损伤。脑卒中可因动脉被血栓堵塞（缺血性脑卒中）或动脉破裂出血入脑而发生。可引起意识丧失、运动障碍和失语等症状（俗称中风）。

stoppage of blood flow to an area of the brain, causing permanent damage to nerve cells in that region. A stroke can occur either because an artery is clogged by a blood clot (called ischemic stroke) or an artery tears and bleeds into the brain. A stroke can cause symptoms such as loss of consciousness, problems with movement, and loss of speech.

1岁以下婴儿突然死亡、经全面调查仍无法解释的诊断。因多数病例发生在婴儿睡在婴儿床中时，故常称「摇篮死亡」。多数SIDS死亡发生在婴儿1至4个月大时。

the diagnosis given for the sudden death of an infant under one year of age that remains unexplained after a complete investigation. Because most cases of SIDS occur when a baby is sleeping in a crib, SIDS is also commonly known as crib death. Most SIDS deaths occur when a baby is between 1 and 4 months of age.

一种备孕或避孕方法，结合日历法、基础体温法和宫颈黏液法的某些要素，综合考虑这些因素以及女性可能出现的其他症状，如轻微痉挛和乳房胀痛。

a method of pregnancy planning or birth control that combines certain aspects of the calendar, the basal body temperature, and the cervical mucus methods. It takes into account all these factors as well as other symptoms a woman might have, such as slight cramping and breast tenderness.

一种性传播疾病，可有或无症状。早期症状可包括生殖器、肛门或口腔的无痛溃疡，以及溃疡周围区域的淋巴结肿大。梅毒可用抗生素治愈。若未治疗，可永久损害大脑、神经、眼睛、心脏、血管、肝脏、骨骼和关节，这种损害包括瘫痪、麻木、失明、痴呆，甚至死亡。

a sexually transmitted disease which may or may not have symptoms. Symptoms in the first stages can include painless sores on the genitals, anus, or mouth and enlarged lymph nodes in the area around the sore. Syphilis can be cured with antibiotics. If left untreated, syphilis can permanently damage the brain, nerves, eyes, heart, blood vessels, liver, bones, and joints. This damage includes paralysis (not being able to move or feel a part of the body), numbness, blindness, dementia, and even death.

一种自身免疫性疾病，可引起关节、皮肤、肾脏、心脏、肺、血管和大脑的炎症和损害。

an autoimmune disease that can cause inflammation and damage to the joints, skin, kidneys, heart, lungs, blood vessels, and brain.

男性性腺。一对睾丸位于阴茎后方称为阴囊的皮肤囊袋中，产生并储存精子，并产生男性激素睾酮。

the male sex gland. There are a pair of testes behind the penis in a pouch of skin called the scrotum. The testes make and store sperm, and make the male hormone testosterone.

由白色念珠菌引起的口腔和咽喉酵母菌感染，特征是口腔内出现白色斑块。也可发生在胃肠道和阴道，并引起婴儿的某些尿布疹。

a yeast infection, caused by the fungus Candida albicans, of the mouth and throat. It's hallmark is white patches in the mouth. It can also occur in the gastrointestinal tract and vagina, and causes some types of diaper rash in infants.

颈部的一个小腺体，产生并储存有助于调节心率、血压、体温及食物转化为能量速率的激素。

The thyroid is a small gland in the neck that makes and stores hormones that help regulate heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, and the rate at which food is converted into energy.

一种始于儿童期的脑部疾病，患者会出现不自主的动作和发声（称为抽动），又称抽动秽语综合征。

a brain-based disorder that starts in childhood in which a person makes involuntary movements and sounds (called tics).

由名为刚地弓形虫的寄生虫引起的感染，可侵入组织并损害大脑，尤其是胎儿和新生儿。症状包括发热、疲劳、头痛、淋巴结肿大及肌肉酸痛。可通过以下途径感染：在园艺、清理猫砂盆或接触任何接触过猫粪的物品后，将手触碰嘴巴；或食用生的或半熟的肉，或接触生肉或未煮熟的肉后触碰嘴巴。

an infection caused by the parasite named Toxoplasma gondii that can invade tissues and damage the brain, especially in a fetus and in a newborn baby. Symptoms include fever, fatigue, headache, swollen lymph glands, and muscle aches and pains. Can be contracted by touching the hands to the mouth after gardening, cleaning a cat's litter box, or anything that came into contact with cat feces; or by eating raw or partly cooked meat, or touching the hands to the mouth after touching raw or undercooked meat.

一种不饱和脂肪。使用部分氢化或氢化油制成的食品含有反式脂肪。食品制造商用反式脂肪延长加工食品的保质期。某些反式脂肪天然存在于牛、羊等动物的肉和奶制品中。食用反式脂肪会增加某些慢性疾病（如冠状动脉疾病）的风险。

a type of unsaturated fat. Foods made with partially hydrogenated or hydrogenated oils contain trans fat. Food manufacturers use trans fat to prolong the shelf life of processed food. Some trans fats occur naturally in meat and dairy products from animals such as cattle, goats, and sheep. Eating trans fats increases the risk of certain long-term illnesses, such as coronary artery disease.

血液和脂肪组织中的一种脂肪。甘油三酯水平过高（超过200）可促进动脉硬化和狭窄。

a type of fat in the blood stream and fat tissue. High triglyceride levels (above 200) can contribute to the hardening and narrowing of arteries.

婴儿受孕时18号染色体有三条而非正常的两条。患儿因多出一条18号染色体而出现多种畸形和智力障碍。部分问题包括：低出生体重、小头、小下颌、心脏和肾脏畸形、握拳且手指位置异常，以及足部畸形。智力障碍严重。95%的患儿在1岁前死亡。

a condition in which a baby is conceived with three copies instead of the normal two copies of chromosome #18. Children with this condition have multiple malformations and mental retardation due to the extra chromosome #18. Some of the problems include: low birth weight, small head, small jaw, malformations of the heart and kidneys, clenched fists with abnormal finger positioning, and malformed feet. The mental retardation is severe. Ninety five percent of children with this condition die before their first birthday.

由细菌引起的疾病，通常累及肺部。结核（TB）细菌通过空气在人与人之间传播。若肺结核或喉结核患者咳嗽或打喷嚏，附近吸入细菌的人可能感染。若身体无法阻止细菌繁殖，就会发展为结核病。

a disease caused by bacteria that usually affects your lungs. Tuberculosis (TB) bacteria is spread through the air from one person to another. If someone with TB of the lungs or throat coughs or sneezes, people nearby who breathe in the bacteria can get TB. If your body can't stop the bacteria from growing, you will develop TB disease.

一种无痛的检查，利用声波在屏幕上生成身体器官和结构的图像，也称超声成像（sonography）。

a painless test that uses sound waves to produce images of the organs and structures of the body on a screen. Also called sonography.

连接胎盘，负责母体与胎儿之间营养素和废物的传输。

connected to the placenta and provides the transfer of nutrients and waste between the woman and the fetus.

将尿液排出体外的管道。

the tube that releases urine from the body.

尿路（收集、储存和排出尿液的器官：肾脏、输尿管、膀胱和尿道）任何部位的感染。当微生物（通常是来自消化道的细菌）附着在尿道口（尿路开口）并开始繁殖时发生。

an infection anywhere in the urinary tract, or organs that collect and store urine and release it from your body (the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra). An infection occurs when microorganisms, usually bacteria from the digestive tract, cling to the urethra (opening to the urinary tract) and begin to multiply.

分娩过程中，女性的子宫收紧（收缩）。临产时宫缩可强烈而规律（如每5分钟、每3分钟一次），直至婴儿娩出。临产前也可能出现宫缩，但不规律，也不会增强或延长。

during the birthing process, a woman's uterus tightens, or contracts. Contractions can be strong and regular (meaning that they can happen every 5 minutes, every 3 minutes, and so on) during labor until the baby is delivered. Women can have contractions before labor starts; these are not regular and do not progress, or increase in intensity or duration.

生长在子宫肌层中的常见良性（非癌性）肿瘤。肌瘤常无症状、无需治疗，通常在绝经后缩小。但有时会引起大量出血或疼痛，需要治疗。

common, benign (noncancerous) tumors that grow in the muscle of the uterus, or womb. Fibroids often cause no symptoms and need no treatment, and they usually shrink after menopause. But sometimes fibroids cause heavy bleeding or pain, and require treatment.

女性的子宫，是位于下腹部、膀胱与直肠之间的中空梨形器官。

a woman's womb, or the hollow, pear-shaped organ located in a woman's lower abdomen between the bladder and the rectum.

参见免疫接种。

see immunization.

从子宫颈延伸至体外的肌性管道。其内壁衬有黏膜和产生阴道分泌物的小腺体。

the muscular canal that extends from the cervix to the outside of the body. Its walls are lined with mucus membranes and tiny glands that make vaginal secretions.

阴道炎症，常由感染引起。症状可包括阴道瘙痒、烧灼感、疼痛和分泌物。

Inflammation of the vagina, often caused by infection. Symptoms can include vaginal itching, burning, pain, and discharge.

常引起疾病的微小微生物。

small microscopic organisms that often cause disease.

女性外生殖器官，由五个部分组成，包括尿道口和阴道口。

the external female genital organ. It has five parts, including the urinary opening and the opening to the vagina.

呼吸费力并伴有哨鸣音。喘息是哮喘的症状。

breathing with difficulty, with a whistling noise. Wheezing is a symptom of asthma.

女性常见的由念珠菌过度生长引起的感染。阴道内有少量酵母菌是正常的，但有时会因体内激素变化（如孕期）或服用某些药物（如抗生素）而过度生长。症状包括阴道瘙痒、烧灼和刺激感，排尿或性交时疼痛，以及类似「茅屋奶酪」的阴道分泌物。

a common infection in women caused by an overgrowth of the fungus Candida. It is normal to have some yeast in your vagina, but sometimes it can overgrow because of hormonal changes in your body, such as during pregnancy, or from taking certain medications, such as antibiotics. Symptoms include itching, burning, and irritation of the vagina; pain when urinating or with intercourse; and cottage cheese-looking vaginal discharge.